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The Fallen Popularity of the Liberal Arts Is Due to

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Traditional academic program in Western higher teaching

Liberal arts educational activity (from Latin liberalis "free" and ars "art or principled practice")[i] is the traditional academic plan in Western higher instruction.[two] Liberal arts takes the term art in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically the fine arts. Liberal arts educational activity can refer to studies in a liberal arts degree program or to a university education more mostly. Such a course of study contrasts with those that are principally vocational, professional, or technical.

History [edit]

Before they became known past their Latin variations ( artes liberales , septem artes liberales , studia liberalia ),[3] the liberal arts were the continuation of Aboriginal Greek methods of enquiry that began with a "want for a universal agreement."[4] Pythagoras argued that there was a mathematical and geometrical harmony to the creation or the universe; his followers linked the 4 arts of astronomy, mathematics, geometry, and music into one area of study to form the "disciplines of the mediaeval quadrivium".[5] In fourth-century Athens, the regime of the polis, or city-state, respected the ability of rhetoric or public speaking to a higher place well-nigh everything else.[6] Eventually rhetoric, grammar, and dialectic (logic) became the educational programme of the trivium. Together they came to be known as the seven liberal arts.[7] Originally these subjects or skills were held by classical antiquity to be essential for a gratuitous person ( liberalis , "worthy of a free person")[8] to acquire in order to take an active role in civic life, something that included among other things participating in public fence, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and participating in military service. While the arts of the quadrivium might have appeared prior to the arts of the trivium, past the eye ages educational programmes taught the trivium (grammer, logic, and rhetoric) starting time while the quadrivium (arithmetics, geometry, music, astronomy) were the following stage of education.[9]

Rooted in the basic curriculum – the enkuklios paideia or "well-rounded didactics" – of belatedly Classical and Hellenistic Greece, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin liberalia studia ) were already so called in formal education during the Roman Empire. The first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" ( artes liberales ) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero, simply it is unclear if he created the term.[ten] [11] Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistles.[12] The verbal classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times,[13] and it was only afterwards Martianus Capella in the 5th century Advertizement influentially brought the seven liberal arts equally bridesmaids to the Matrimony of Mercury and Philology,[14] that they took on canonical class.[ citation needed ]

The four "scientific" artes —music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy—were known from the time of Boethius onwards every bit the quadrivium. After the 9th century, the remaining iii arts of the "humanities"—grammar, logic, and rhetoric—‚were grouped as the trivium.[13] Information technology was in that two-fold form that the 7 liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western academy.[15] [16] During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the trivium.[17]

In the 12th century the iconic image – Philosophia et septem artes liberales (Philosophy and seven liberal arts) – was produced by an Alsatian nun and abbess Herrad of Landsberg with her community of women equally part of the Hortus deliciarum .[xviii] Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended every bit a teaching tool for women of the abbey.[19] Compiled between 1167 and 1185 information technology contained humanity'due south most significant ideas. The prototype Philosophy and seven liberal arts represents the circle of philosophy, and is presented every bit a rosette of a cathedral: a key circumvolve and a series of semicircles arranged all around. Information technology shows learning and knowledge organised into vii relations, the Septem Artes Liberales or Seven Liberal Arts. Each of these arts find their source in the Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom".[18] St. Albert the Great, a dr. of the Catholic Church, asserted that the 7 liberal arts were referred to in Sacred Scripture, saying: "Information technology is written, 'Wisdom hath congenital herself a house, she hath hewn her out seven pillars' (Proverbs 9:i). This house is the Blessed Virgin; the vii pillars are the seven liberal arts."[20]

In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Center Ages, reversed that process.[21] Re-christening the old trivium with a new and more aggressive name: Studia humanitatis , and likewise increasing its scope, they downplayed logic equally opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new emphasis on verse equally well.[22] The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.[23] The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted in Europe until the eye of the twentieth century; in the The states, it had come nether increasingly successful assail in the belatedly 19th century by academics interested in reshaping American higher educational activity effectually the natural and social sciences.[24] [25]

Similarly, Wilhelm von Humboldt's educational model in Prussia (at present Germany), which after became the office model for higher educational activity also in North America, went beyond vocational grooming. In a letter to the Prussian king, he wrote:

There are undeniably sure kinds of knowledge that must exist of a general nature and, more chiefly, a certain cultivation of the mind and character that nobody can beget to be without. People obviously cannot be good craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are good, ethical and – according to their status – well-informed human being beings and citizens. If this ground is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily caused afterwards, and a person is always free to move from one occupation to another, equally then frequently happens in life.[26]

The philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin has criticized discrepancies between Humboldt'due south ideals and the gimmicky European educational activity policy, which narrowly understands education as a training for the labor market, arguing that nosotros need to decide between "McKinsey and Humboldt".[27]

Modern usage [edit]

The modern utilise of the term liberal arts consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:

  • Life sciences (biology, ecology, neuroscience)
  • Physical science (physics, astronomy, chemical science, physical geography)
  • Logic, mathematics, statistics, computer science
  • Philosophy
  • History
  • Social science (anthropology, economics, homo geography, linguistics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, and sociology)
  • Creative arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)

For example, the core courses for Georgetown University's Physician of Liberal Studies program[28] encompass philosophy, theology, history, art, literature, and the social sciences. Wesleyan University'south Master of Arts in Liberal Studies programme includes courses in visual arts, art history, creative and professional writing, literature, history, mathematics, film, government, education, biology, psychology, and astronomy.[29]

Secondary school [edit]

Liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares students for higher didactics at a university.[ citation needed ]

Curricula differ from schoolhouse to school, but more often than not include linguistic communication, chemistry, biology, geography, art, music, history, philosophy, civics, social sciences, and strange languages.[ citation needed ]

In the The states [edit]

In the Usa, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts.[30] The teaching at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic, typically with small classes; professors are often allowed to concentrate more than on their teaching responsibilities than are professors at research universities.[ citation needed ]

In add-on, most four-year colleges are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees, but offer a liberal arts degree, and allow students not majoring in liberal arts to take courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts.[ citation needed ]

Traditionally, a available's degree in one item surface area within liberal arts, with substantial study outside that main area, is earned over four years of full-time study. However, some universities such as Saint Leo University,[31] Pennsylvania Country University,[32] Florida Institute of Technology,[33] and New England College[34] have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts. Colleges similar the Thomas More Higher of Liberal Arts offer a unique program with merely one degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, while the Harvard Extension Schoolhouse offers both a Bachelor of Liberal Arts and a Chief of Liberal Arts.[35] Additionally, colleges similar the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies and the Harvard Extension Schoolhouse[36] offer an online, role-fourth dimension option for adult and nontraditional students.[ citation needed ]

Most students earn either a Bachelor of Arts degree or a Bachelor of Science[37] caste; on completing undergraduate study, students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional person school (public assistants, engineering, business, law, medicine, theology).[ citation needed ]

Great Books motion [edit]

In 1937 St. John's College inverse its curriculum to focus on the Great Books of the Western World to provide a new sort of education that separated itself from the increasingly specialized nature of higher schooling.[38]

In Europe [edit]

"Thriumph of Southward. Tomas & Allegory of the Sciences" by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365-68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.

In most parts of Europe, liberal arts educational activity is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their teaching system it is called 'humanistische Bildung' (humanistic education). The term is not to be confused with some modern educational concepts that use a similar diction. Educational institutions that come across themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium (high school, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education (Bildung) to form personality with regard to a educatee'due south own humanity every bit well as their innate intellectual skills.[ citation needed ] Going dorsum to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the higher up sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped past the theorists of the Enlightenment; in item, Wilhelm von Humboldt. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at gymnasia, very often the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the United states of america educational system.[ citation needed ] Students are expected to use their skills received at the gymnasium to further develop their personality in their ain responsibleness, e.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to do and then and offer corresponding opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university's curriculum.[ citation needed ]

Thus, on the level of higher instruction, despite the European origin of the liberal arts higher,[39] the term liberal arts higher unremarkably denotes liberal arts colleges in the United States.[ citation needed ] With the exception of pioneering institutions such equally Franklin University Switzerland (formerly known every bit Franklin Higher), established every bit a Europe-based, U.s.-style liberal arts college in 1969,[xl] simply recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts education to continental Europe, as with Leiden University College The Hague, University College Utrecht, University College Maastricht, Amsterdam Academy College, Roosevelt Academy (at present University Higher Roosevelt), University College Twente (ATLAS), Erasmus University Higher, the Academy of Groningen, Bratislava International Schoolhouse of Liberal Arts, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Central European University, and Bard College Berlin, formerly known every bit the European College of Liberal Arts. Central European Academy launched a liberal arts undergraduate caste in Culture, Politics, and Society [41] in 2022 equally office of its motion to Vienna and accreditation in Austria. As well as the colleges listed to a higher place, some universities in the Netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Tilburg University). Liberal arts (as a caste plan) is just outset to constitute itself in Europe. For instance, Academy Higher Dublin offers the degree, every bit does St. Marys University College Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In the netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology university college since the belatedly 1990s. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany. It started in Oct 2012 with 78 students.[42] The starting time Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011,[43] followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at Uppsala University'southward Campus Gotland in the autumn of 2013.[44] The first Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Didactics (Active),[45] an NGO. Cheers to their collaboration, Ilia Country University[46] became the beginning higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.[47]

In French republic, Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts Written report Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a quondam Catholic seminary, is launching a ii-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.[48] It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may get function of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (at present Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin[49] and in 2009 it introduced a 4-yr Bachelor of Arts plan in Value Studies taught in English,[50] leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.[ citation needed ]

In England, the first institution[51] to retrieve and update a liberal arts didactics at the undergraduate level was the Academy of Winchester with their BA (Hons) Modernistic Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010.[51] In 2012, University Higher London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.[52] Male monarch's Higher London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.[53] The New College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal teaching programme. Durham University has both a popular BA Liberal Arts and a BA Combined Honours in Social Sciences plan, both of which let for interdisciplinary approaches to education. The University of Nottingham too has a Liberal Arts BA with study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.[54] In 2016, the Academy of Warwick launched a three/four-twelvemonth liberal arts BA degree, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and trouble-based learning techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary pathways.[55] And for 2022 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.[56]

In Scotland, the four-year undergraduate Honours degree, specifically the Primary of Arts, has historically demonstrated considerable latitude in focus. In the start two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically report a number of different subjects earlier specialising in their Honours years (third and 4th year). The University of Dundee and the Academy of Glasgow (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' degree.[ citation needed ]

In Slovakia, the Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA) is located in the Old Boondocks of Bratislava. It is the showtime liberal arts college in Central Europe. A individual, accredited three-year degree-granting undergraduate institution, information technology opened in September 2006.[ citation needed ]

In Asia [edit]

"A immature human being introduced to the seven Liberal Arts" by Sandro Boticelli, c. 1484. Fresco in Villa Lemni, Florence.

The Committee on College Education of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all college education institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ethics, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities take much more robust liberal arts core curricula; well-nigh notably, the Jesuit universities such equally Ateneo de Manila University have a potent liberal arts cadre curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. Forman Christian College is a liberal arts university in Lahore, Islamic republic of pakistan. It is one of the oldest institutions in the Indian subcontinent. It is a chartered university recognized past the Higher Education Commission of Islamic republic of pakistan. Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal cadre plan which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students.[57] [58] The Underwood International College of Yonsei University, Korea, has compulsory liberal arts courses for all the student body.[ citation needed ]

In India, there are many institutions that offering undergraduate UG or bachelor's degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or master's degree/diploma every bit well equally doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and research, in this academic discipline. Manipal Academy of Higher Pedagogy – MAHE, an Institution of Eminence as recognised by MHRD of Govt of India in 2018, houses a Faculty of Liberal Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and too others similar Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune, Ahmedabad Academy, Ashoka Academy, and Azim Premji University in Bangalore. Lingnan Academy and University of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB) are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. International Christian University in Tokyo is the first and i of the very few liberal arts universities in Nihon. Fulbright University Vietnam is the commencement liberal arts institution in Vietnam.[ commendation needed ]

In Australia [edit]

Campion College is a Roman Cosmic dedicated liberal arts college, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.[59]

The Millis Institute is the School of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. Founded by Dr. Ryan Messmore, former President of Campion College, the Millis Institute offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts in which students can choose to major in Philosophy, Theology, History or Literature. Information technology also endorses a 'Report Abroad' program whereby students can earn credit towards their degree by undertaking 2 units over a five-week plan at the Academy of Oxford. As of 2022, Elizabeth Hillman is currently the President of the Millis Institute.[60]

A new schoolhouse of Liberal Arts has been formed in the University of Wollongong; the new Arts course entitled 'Western Civilisation' was commencement offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on the classic intellectual and artistic literature of the Western tradition. Courses in the liberal arts take recently been developed at the University of Sydney and the University of Notre Dame.[ commendation needed ]

See also [edit]

  • Artes Mechanicae  – Latin for "the mechanical arts"
  • Bachelor of General Studies
  • Available of Liberal Arts
  • Bachelor of Liberal Studies
  • Classical instruction
  • Classical didactics motility
  • College of Arts and Sciences
  • Doctor of Liberal Studies
  • Pedagogy in ancient Hellenic republic
  • Education in ancient Rome
  • Education reform § Reforms of classical education
  • Four arts
  • General studies
  • Peachy books
  • Cracking Books programs in Canada
  • Humanitas
  • Humanities
  • Interdisciplinarity
  • Jesuit instruction (Eloquentia perfecta)
  • Liberal arts college
  • Liberal pedagogy
  • List of liberal arts colleges
  • STEAM fields
  • Transcendentalism

Citations [edit]

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  2. ^ "What is Liberal Arts? – Ancient, Medieval, Mod". Liberal Arts UK . Retrieved four June 2018.
  3. ^ Kimball, Bruce A., 1951- (1995). Orators & philosophers : a history of the idea of liberal education (Expanded ed.). New York: College Entrance Test Lath. ISBN0-87447-514-7. OCLC 32776486. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modernistic Liberal Arts Pedagogy: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN978-one-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
  5. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Pedagogy: Liberty is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN978-1-137-35891-two. OCLC 882530818.
  6. ^ "Trivium and Quadrivium | The Seven Liberal Arts | Written report Liberal Arts". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Philosophy and the Liberal Arts | Essays". Liberal Arts. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  8. ^ Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 37. ISBN9780691097398. The classical sources include Cicero, De Oratore, I.72–73, Iii.127, and De re publica, I.xxx.
  9. ^ Castle, Due east.B. (1969). Ancient Pedagogy and Today. p. 59.
  10. ^ Kimball, Bruce. Orators and Philosophers. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1995. p. thirteen
  11. ^ Cicero. De Inventione. Book one, Section 35
  12. ^ Seneca. Ben Schneider (ed.). "Epistle". Stoics.com. 88. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  13. ^ a b Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric. p. 10.
  14. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. p. 25.
  15. ^ "James Burke: The 24-hour interval the Universe Inverse In the Light Of the Above". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
  16. ^ Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana University Printing. ISBN978-0-253-35185-2 . Retrieved 5 Jan 2013.
  17. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. pp. 141–143.
  18. ^ a b Tidbury, Iain (5 August 2019). "Liberal Arts Pedagogy by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved v August 2019.
  19. ^ Griffiths, Fiona J. (3 June 2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. Academy of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN9780812202113.
  20. ^ Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
  21. ^ Chiliad. Norton ed., The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol three (1999)p. 46 and pp. 601–iv
  22. ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Idea II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178.
  23. ^ Charles Thousand. Nauert, Humanism and the Civilization of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History) (Cambridge Academy Press, 2006), pp. 172–173.
  24. ^ Bod, Rens; A New History of the Humanities, Oxford University Printing, Oxford, 2014.
  25. ^ Adler, Eric; The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Tin can Salve the Humanities Today, Oxford University Printing, Oxford, 2020, p. 59.
  26. ^ As quoted in Profiles of educators: Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) by Karl-Heinz Günther (1988), doi:x.1007/BF02192965
  27. ^ Nida-Rümelin, Julian (29 October 2009). "Bologna-Prozess: Dice Chance zum Kompromiss ist da". Die Zeit (in German language). Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  28. ^ "curriculum". Georgetown University Md of Liberal Studies.
  29. ^ "Graduate Liberal Studies". Wesleyan Academy (www.wesleyan.edu).
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  32. ^ "Online Associate in Arts in Letters, Arts, and Sciences | Overview". Penn State Academy. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  33. ^ "Associate'south Degree in Liberal Arts – Liberal Arts Degree Online". Florida Institute of Engineering science. Retrieved 26 Baronial 2013.
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  35. ^ https://extension.harvard.edu.
  36. ^ https://extension.harvard.edu.
  37. ^ For example, Georgia Institute of Engineering's bachelor of science degree in Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies http://world wide web.modlangs.gatech.edu
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  39. ^ Harriman, Philip 50. (1935). "Antecedents of the Liberal-Arts College". The Periodical of College Educational activity. Ohio State Academy Press. half dozen (ii): 63–71. doi:10.2307/1975506. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1975506.
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References [edit]

  • Castle, Due east.B. (1969). Ancient Education and Today.
  • Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN9780691097398.
  • Griffiths, Fiona J. (2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the 12th Century. University of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN9780812202113.
  • Kimball, Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Thought of Liberal Education. College Lath, 1995.
  • Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric.
  • Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
  • Tidbury, Iain (5 Baronial 2019). "Liberal Arts Education by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 5 Baronial 2019.
  • Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Pedagogy: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-i-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
  • Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars.
  • Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-35185-2.

Further reading [edit]

  • Anders, George (2019). You lot Tin Do Anything: The Surprising Power of a "Useless" Liberal Arts Education. Back Bay Books. ISBN978-0316548885.
  • Barzun, Jacques. The Firm of Intellect, Reprint Harper Perennial, 2002.
  • Blaich, Charles, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch. "Defining Liberal Arts Education." Middle of Enquiry in the Liberal Arts, 2004.
  • Blanshard, Brand. The Uses of a Liberal Education: And Other Talks to Students. (Open up Court, 1973. ISBN 0-8126-9429-5)
  • Friedlander, Jack. Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Education in Washington'south Community Colleges. Los Angeles: Centre for the Study of Customs Colleges, 1982a. (ED 217 918)
  • Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine. From Humanism to the Humanities: The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century Europe, Harvard University Press, 1987.
  • Guitton, Jean. A Student's Guide to Intellectual Work, The University of Notre Dame Press, 1964.
  • Highet, Gilbert. The Art of Teaching, Vintage Books, 1950.
  • Joseph, Sis Miriam. The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammer, and Rhetoric. Paul Dry Books Inc, 2002.
  • Kimball, Bruce A. The Liberal Arts Tradition: A Documentary History. Academy Printing Of America, 2010.
  • T. Kaori Kitao; William R. Kenan, Jr. (27 March 1999). The Usefulness Of Uselessness (PDF). Keynote Accost, The 1999 Institute for the Academic Advancement of Youth'due south Odyssey at Swarthmore College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2008. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  • McGrath, Charles. "What Every Student Should Know", New York Times, 8 Jan 2006.
  • Parker, H. "The Seven Liberal Arts," The English Historical Review, Vol. V, 1890.
  • Pfnister, Allan O. (1984). "The Role of the Liberal Arts College: A Historical Overview of the Debates". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio Country Academy Printing. 55 (2): 145–70. doi:x.2307/1981183. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1981183.
  • Reeves, Floyd W. (1930). "The Liberal-Arts College". The Periodical of Higher Education. Ohio State University Printing. 1 (seven): 373–fourscore. doi:10.2307/1974170. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1974170.
  • Ruckdeschel, Christopher. On the Nature of the Classical Liberal Arts, Bookbaby, 2019.
  • Saint-Victor, Hugh of. The Didascalicon, Columbia University Printing, 1961.
  • Schall, James V. Some other Sort of Learning, Ignatius Press, 1988.
  • Seidel, George J. (1968). "Saving the Small College". The Journal of Higher Pedagogy. Ohio State University Press. 39 (6): 339–42. doi:10.2307/1979916. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1979916.
  • Sertillanges, A. One thousand. The Intellectual Life, The Catholic Academy of America Press, 1998.
  • Tubbs, N. (2011) "Know Thyself: Macrocosm and Microcosm" in Studies in Philosophy and Educational activity Book xxx no.ane
  • Winterer, Caroline. The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Hellenic republic and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
  • Wriston, Henry M. The Nature of a Liberal College. Lawrence University Printing, 1937.
  • Zakaria, Fareed. In Defence of a Liberal Education. New York: Due west.W. Norton & Company, 2015.

External links [edit]

  • "Arts, Liberal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Definition and short history of the 7 Liberal Arts from 1905.
  • Fr. Herve de la Tour, "The Seven Liberal Arts", Edocere, a Resource for Cosmic Pedagogy, February 2002. Thomas Aquinas's definition of and justification for a liberal arts education.
  • Otto Willmann. "The Vii Liberal Arts". In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Retrieved 13 August 2012.] "[Renaissance] Humanists, over-fond of change, unjustly condemned the organisation of the seven liberal arts every bit vicious. It is no more barbarous than the Gothic way, a name intended to be a reproach. The Gothic, built up on the conception of the old basilica, ancient in origin, withal Christian in character, was misjudged past the Renaissance on account of some excrescences, and obscured by the additions engrafted upon it past mod lack of taste… That the achievements of our forefathers should exist understood, recognized, and adjusted to our own needs, is surely to be desired."
  • Andrew Chrucky (ane September 2003). "The Aim of Liberal Instruction". "The content of a liberal instruction should be moral issues every bit provided by history, anthropology, sociology, economic science, and politics. And these should be discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions, i.e., through a study of rhetoric and logic. Since discussion takes identify in language, an effort should exist fabricated to develop a facility with language."
  • "Philosophy of Liberal Education" A bibliography, compiled by Andrew Chrucky, with links to essays offering unlike points of view on the meaning of a liberal education.
  • Mark Peltz, "The Liberal Arts and Leadership", College News (The Annapolis Group), 14 May 2012. A defense of liberal educational activity by the Associate Dean of Grinnell College (get-go appeared in Inside Higher Ed).
  • "Liberal Arts at the Community College", an ERIC Fact Canvass. ERIC Clearinghouse for Inferior Colleges Los Angeles
  • "A Descriptive Analysis of the Customs College Liberal Arts Curriculum". ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles
  • The Center of Enquiry in the Liberal Arts. Website near The Wabash Study (for improving liberal didactics). Sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College (Indiana), the Wabash Study began in the fall of 2010 – scheduled to end in 2013. Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities.
  • Academic Commons. An online platform in support of the liberal education community. It is a forum for sharing practices, outcomes, and lessons learned of online learning. Formerly sponsored by the Center of Research in the Liberal Arts, The Bookish Commons is hosted by the National Establish for Technology in Liberal Education ("NITLE".).
  • The Liberal Arts Advantage – for Business. Website dedicated to "Bridging the gap between business and the liberal arts". "A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the ability to call back, reason, analyze, determine, discern, and evaluate. That's in contrast to a professional or technical instruction (concern, applied science, information science, etc.) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations."
  • Video explanation by Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester University, United kingdom.. "Liberal arts education (Latin: liberalis, free, and ars, art or principled practise) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject boundaries in the humanities, the social and natural sciences, and fine arts. The caste combines compulsory modules covering art, religion, literature, science and the history of ideas with a broad range of optional modules. This enables students to take flexibility and control over their plan of study and the content of their assessments."

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education

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